The 100 most highly cited papers of all time

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To mark the anniversary, Nature magazine asked Thomson Reuters to list the 100 most highly cited papers of all time. The search covered all of Thomson Reuter’s Web of Science, an online version of the SCI that also includes databases covering the social sciences, arts and humanities, conference proceedings and some books. It lists papers published from 1900 to the present day.

 
Title of the paperRankSubject
Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(T)(-Delta Delta C) method.21Biology lab techniqueShow more
Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides.22Physical chemistryShow more
Processing of X-ray diffraction data collected in oscillation mode.23CrystallographyShow more
Regression models and life-tables.24Medical statisticsShow more
Density-functional exchange-energy approximation with correct asymptotic-behavior.25Physical chemistryShow more
Colorimetric method for determination of sugars and related substances.26Biology lab techniqueShow more
Use of lead citrate at high pH as an electron-opaque stain in electron microscopy.27Biology lab techniqueShow more
The CLUSTAL_X Windows interface: Flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools.28BioinformaticsShow more
Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement.29Medical statisticsShow more
Reliability of molecular weight determinations by dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.30Biology lab techniqueShow more
Isolation of biologically-active ribonucleic-acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease.31Biology lab techniqueShow more
The attractions of proteins for small molecules and ions.32Biology lab techniqueShow more
The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological-research — conceptual - strategic - and statistical considerations.33Psychology/psychiatryShow more
Self-consistent equations including exchange and correlation effects.34Physical chemistryShow more
Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival — application to proliferation and cyto-toxicity assays.35Biology lab techniqueShow more
Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon.36PhysicsShow more
The colorimetric determination of phosphorus.37Biology lab techniqueShow more
Disc electrophoresis — II. Method and application to human serum proteins.38Biology lab techniqueShow more
Inhomogeneous electron gas.39Physical chemistryShow more
A technique for radiolabeling DNA restriction endonuclease fragments to high specific activity.40Biology lab techniqueShow more