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Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 114 / Wednesday, June 16, 2021 / Rules and Regulations
composing a ship, chariot, or any other vehicle. Approximate date: 7th millennium B.C. to the 18th century A.D.
F. Glass 1. Architectural ElementsThis includes glass inlay and tesserae pieces from floor and wall mosaics, mirrors, and windows. Approximate date: 4th millennium B.C. to the 18th century A.D.
2. VesselsThis type includes containers for holding perfume or oil alabastron, unguanteria, aryballos, wine jugs oinochoe, other drinking, storage, and serving vessels of various shapes and sizes, and lighting objects such as lamps. Approximate date: 2nd millennium B.C. to the 18th century A.D.
3. Beads and JewelryJewelry such as bracelets and rings often twisted with colored glass, pendants, and beads in various shapes e.g., circular, globular, may be decorated with symbolic and/or floral motifs. This category also includes beads in various shapes including animal figures. Approximate date: 2nd millennium B.C. to the 18th century A.D.
G. Plaster and StuccoThis category includes various types of objects including containers from the prepottery Neolithic onward, column capitals, pedestals, wall murals or paintings and other architectural elements, and vessels and containers.
These may be plain or painted and/or gilded. Approximate date: 9th millennium B.C. to the 18th century A.D.
H. TextileThese include linen, wool, cotton, and silk. This category includes clothing or clothing fragments, carpets, sanjaks flags or banners, flag bags, wall hangings, blankets, and textiles used during religious practice.
Approximate date: 9th millennium B.C.
to the 18th century A.D.
I. Leather, Parchment, and Paper 1. LeatherThis category includes bags, furniture parts, masks, shields, cases and containers for a variety of uses, sandals, clothing, and manuscript covers. There are also examples of religious and/or rare books written on leather pages.
2. PapyrusDocuments made from papyrus and written upon in ink. These are often rolled and/or fragmentary.
Approximate date: 5th millennium B.C.
to the 12th century A.D.
3. ParchmentWriting material made of animal skin and used to produce manuscripts including religious, liturgical, and scientific works. These may be single leaves or bound as books or scrolls. These may also have illustrations or illuminated paintings
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with gold and other colors.
Approximate date: 3rd millennium B.C.
to the 18th century A.D.
4. PaperThis includes manuscripts and individual pages thereof, written on paper and bound as books or scrolls.
These may also have illustrations.
Approximate date: 8th century to the 18th century A.D.
J. Rock Art, Painting, and Drawing 1. Rock ArtThis type includes human-made markings on stone, cave walls, or rocks in open air. This type includes petroglyphs carved into the rock surface; pictographs painted; and earth figures formed on the ground.
Subject matter may include human and animal figures, deities, geometric designs, and religious signs and markings. Approximate date: 10th millennium B.C. to the 18th century A.D.
2. Wall PaintingsThis category includes paintings from buildings and tombs. Several methods were used, such as wet-fresco and dry-fresco, and the paintings may be applied to plaster, wood, or stone. Types include simple applied color, bands and borders, landscapes, scenes of people and/or animals in natural or built settings, and religious themes. Approximate date: 7th millennium B.C. to the 18th century A.D.
3. Panel Paintings IconsAn icon is a work of art for religious devotion, normally depicting saints, angels, or other religious figures. These are painted on a wooden panel, often for inclusion in a wooden screen iconostasis, or else painted onto ceramic panels. May be partially covered with gold or silver, sometimes encrusted with precious or semiprecious stone. Approximate date: 4th century A.D. to the 18th century A.D.
K. MosaicsMay be a combination of small three-dimensional pieces of colored stone or glass tesserae to create motifs such as geometric shapes, mythological scenes, floral or animal designs, natural motifs such as landscapes, and daily chores. The opus sectile technique is also used. These were generally applied to walls, ceilings, or floors. Approximate date:
7th century B.C. to the 18th century A.D.
II. Ethnological Material Ethnological material covered by the agreement includes architectural elements, funerary objects, ritual and ceremonial objects, paintings, written records, and military material that contribute to the knowledge of the origins, development, and history of the Turkish people. This includes objects from the 1st c. A.D. starting in the
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Roman Empire, through the Byzantine, Seljuk, Beyliks, and Ottoman periods, and ending in A.D. 1923, with the foundation of the Republic of Turkey.
A. Architectural ElementsThis category includes architectural elements and decoration from religious and public buildings in all materials. These buildings have distinctive characteristics described below.
Examples of architectural elements covered in the Agreement include, but are not limited to, the following objects:
1. Structural and Decorative Architectural ElementsThis category includes material from religious or public buildings in stone, ceramic, plaster, wood, and other organic elements, which includes blocks;
columns, capitals, bases, lintels, jambs, friezes, and pilasters; panels, doors, door frames, and window fittings; altars, prayer niches mihrab, screens, iconostasis, fountains, ceilings, tent poles, and carved and molded brick.
Metal elements are primarily in copper, brass, lead, and alloys, and may include doors, door fixtures, lathes, finials, chandeliers, screens, and sheets to protect domes. Glass may be incorporated into either structural or decorative elements. This category also includes relief and inlay sculpture, including appliques and plaques that may have been part of a building. May be plain, molded, carved, or inscribed.
Decorative motifs may be incised or in high relief.
2. TilesCeramic tiles were often used for adorning walls, roofs, and floors of mosques, masjids, mausoleums, shrines, and palaces.
During the Seljuk Period, subject matter included starand cross-shaped tiles with creatures such as harpies, sphinxes, and double-headed eagles.
Human and animal figures were also common, as well as natural motifs such as the tree of life, scrolling branches with pomegranates, floral and geometric patterns, and inscriptions. During the Ottoman Period, subject matter included mainly floral motifs; the saz style motif with composite flowers, smaller rosettes, and saz leaves was also common. This type also includes glazed bricks.
3. MosaicsMay be a combination of small three-dimensional pieces of colored stone or glass tesserae to create motifs such as geometric shapes, floral or animal designs, natural motifs such as landscapes, and scenes of religious or historical events. These were generally applied to walls, ceilings, or floors.
B. Funerary ObjectsThis category includes objects related to funerary rites and burials in all materials. Examples of funerary objects covered in the
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