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Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 185 / Tuesday, September 28, 2021 / Proposed Rules nonattainment receptor is the Modesto14th Street monitor, located in Stanislaus County, which is 2,384 miles from the easternmost edge of Hawaii.34
The next closest nonattainment receptors outside of California are located in Douglas County, Jefferson County, and Larimer County in Colorado, and Davis County and Salt Lake County in Utah.
The nearest California maintenanceonly receptor to Hawaii is the Tracy-

Airport monitor, located in San Joaquin County, which is 2,363 miles from the easternmost edge of Hawaii.35 The next closest maintenance-only receptors outside of California are in Yuma County, Arizona; Clark County, Nevada;
Dona Ana County, New Mexico; and Weber County, Utah.
Sheer distance alone makes it unlikely that emissions from Hawaii contribute to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance in these states.

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However, we also compare the emissions of ozone precursors from Hawaii to those of other western states.36 Hawaiis emissions of ozone precursors are substantially lower than emissions from other western states, as shown in Table 1.37 The table represents the most recent data available on emissions of ozone precursors. NEI data, which is released every three years, is not yet available for 2020.

TABLE 1EMISSIONS OF OZONE PRECURSORS
Tons per year a Pollutant
NOX

Year
2011

HI
AZ
CA
NV
OR
UT

VOC

2014

54,398
241,993
724,362
99,234
147,112
178,586

2017

43,061
215,643
546,495
84,746
125,922
172,488

40,809
163,779
466,555
69,539
115,886
90,975

2011

2014

38,781
167,951
617,658
68,526
152,142
217,880

26,593
120,100
539,159
50,601
103,811
176,188

2017
31,079
141,160
527,313
68,547
126,818
135,231

Source: Data lists all point, nonpoint, onroad and nonroad emissions from EPAs National Emissions Inventory downloaded from EPAs Emissions Information System, files 2017NEI_Apr2020, 2014 NEI Final V2, 2011 NEI V2.
a Biogenic emission from plants and soil and wildfire emissions have been excluded from this data.

The relative magnitude of Hawaiis emissions compared to Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah, coupled with the distance between Hawaii and these states, further indicates that Hawaii is unlikely to contribute to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance in California, or any other state.
The next step in our analysis is to look at prevailing wind direction in Hawaii. In the trajectory analysis in Appendix 1 of the States submittal, HDOH concluded that the predominant transport patterns in January and July of 2010which are from the northeast to the southwest i.e., generally opposite the direction from Hawaii to the location of nonattainment and maintenance-only receptors in the U.S.support the conclusion that Hawaii is unlikely to contribute to nonattainment or interfere with
maintenance in California or other western states.38 While HDOH only analyzed wind trajectories in January and July of 2010, Hawaiis 2017
Regional Haze SIP contains 2013 and 2015 wind rose plots, which also illustrate that the predominant wind transport patterns year-round blow from northeast to southwest.39 This is further verified by the National Weather Service, which lists persistent trade winds, the prevailing easterly winds 40
that circle the earth near the equator as a result of the earths rotation, from the northeast as a feature of Hawaiis climate.41 Based on the States trajectory analysis and wind rose plots from its 2017 Regional Haze SIP, along with information from the National Weather Service, we expect emissions from Hawaii would initially travel westwards before turning eastwards on the vast majority of days. This would make the
pathway to the continental U.S.
considerably longer than the more than 2,000 miles separating the continental U.S. from Hawaii. These trajectories further indicate that Hawaii is unlikely to contribute to nonattainment or interfere with maintenance in California or any other state.
Finally, we compare the impact of Hawaii on California, with Californias impact on Connecticut, because the distance between Hawaii and California, and Connecticut and California, is roughly equivalent. As previously mentioned, we have modeled contributions among the continental states in the Revised CSAPR Update. In terms of distance, Hawaii is slightly farther to nonattainment and maintenance-only receptors in California, at 2,384 and 2,363 miles, respectively, than California is to nonattainment and maintenance only
counties have nonattainment receptors and 2
counties have maintenance-only receptors.
34 Determination of the nearest nonattainment and maintenance-only receptors was based on final 2020 Ozone Design values. Final 2020 design value reports can be found at https www.epa.gov/airtrends/air-quality-design-valuesreport. California has numerous other nonattainment receptors in the following counties: Calaveras, El Dorado, Fresno, Imperial, Kern, Los Angeles, Madera, Mariposa, Merced, Nevada, Orange, Placer, Riverside, Sacramento, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Tulare, and Tuolumne.
35 Monitor ID: 60773005.
36 Emissions estimates downloaded from the EPAs National Emissions Inventory, datasets:
2017NEI_Apr2020, 2014 NEI Final V2, on January
4 and 5, 2021, and saved as Excel spreadsheet files in the docket for this action.
37 In this analysis, we focus primarily on 2017
emissions. The most recent available. The Docket for this document contains additional information about Event Emissions, which are comprised of wildfire, prescribed fire and agricultural burning.
38 The U.S. EPA has also relied on this trajectory analysis in approving Hawaiis State Implementation Plan submittals addressing interstate transport for the 2008 ozone NAAQS 84
FR 40266, September 13, 2019, see the proposed rule at 84 FR 6736, February 28, 2019, and the 1997 ozone NAAQS 77 FR 47530, October 9, 2012.
See Technical Support Document, Evaluation of 2011 Hawaii Infrastructure SIP for 1997 Ozone;
1997 Particulate Matter; and 2006 Particulate Matter NAAQS, U.S. EPA, Region 9, March 2012.

39 Appendix C, 5 Year Regional Haze Progress Report for the Federal Implementation Plan, Hawaii Department of Health, October 2017. The EPA
approved the Regional Haze Progress Report on May 13, 2019 84 FR 14634.
40 In meteorology, wind direction is described as the direction from which the wind is blowing i.e., the Hawaiian trade winds blow from the northeast to the southwest, see https www.weather.gov/cae/
weatherterms.html.
41 U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Association NOAA.
Honolulu, HI. Pacific Region Headquarters, NOAAs National Weather Service, https
www.weather.gov/hfo/climate_summary, accessed on June 28, 2021.

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