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Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 150 / Monday, August 9, 2021 / Proposed Rules
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and imminent. Thus, the LPN remains at 2 to reflect imminent threats of high magnitude.
Takahe The takahe Porphyrio hochstetteri is the largest extant rail in the world. It is flightless. The takahe was once widespread in the forest and grassland ecosystems on the South Island of New Zealand. It was thought to be extinct until it was rediscovered in the Murchison Mountains on the South Island in 1948, inhabiting approximately 650 square kilometers 251 square miles. In addition to its native range on the mainland, the takahe has been introduced to offshore islands and mainland sanctuaries. When rediscovered in 1948, it was estimated that the population consisted of 100 to 300 birds, and the minimum total population now rests at 306 individuals.
Several factors have historically led to the species decline, including hunting, competition from introduced herbivores animals that feed on plants, and predators such as weasels and the weka, a flightless woodhen that is endemic to New Zealand. Currently, weasel predation appears to be the most significant of these threats. Weasel trapping is an effective tool at slowly increasing survival and reproductive output of takahe; however, control efforts do not completely eliminate the threat.
Takahe is a long-lived bird, potentially living between 14 and 20
years, and has a low reproductive rate, with clutches consisting of one to three eggs. Severe weather in the Murchison Mountains cold winters and high snowfall may also be a limiting factor to the takahe. The population of takahe remains very small and has low genetic diversity relative to other species. The New Zealand Department of Conservation NZDOC is currently attempting to manage further loss of genetic diversity through translocations.
Additionally, NZDOC has implemented a captive-breeding and release program to supplement the mainland population and has established several reserve populations on islands and fenced mainland sites; these actions are having a positive effect on population growth.
New Zealand considers the takahe a nationally vulnerable species and it is protected under New Zealands Wildlife Act. The takahe is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. The species is not known to be in international trade, and the species is not included in the Appendices to CITES.
In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the takahe was assigned an LPN of 8. After reevaluating the threats to the takahe,
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we have determined that no change in the classification of the magnitude and imminence of threats to the species is warranted at this time. The takahe does not represent a monotypic genus.
Limited suitable habitat and the threat of predation, combined with the takahes small population size and naturally low reproductive rate, are threats to this species that are moderate in magnitude. Although it has a small population, has limited suitable habitat, and may experience inbreeding depression, because the NZDOC is actively involved in measures to aid the recovery of the species, we find the threats are moderate in magnitude.
Despite the conservation efforts, the threats are ongoing and imminent.
Therefore, the LPN remains at 8 to reflect imminent threats of moderate magnitude.
Black-Backed Tanager Black-backed tanager Tangara peruviana is a small bird endemic to the coastal Atlantic Forest region of southeastern Brazil. It is currently found in the coastal states of Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul. The species is generally restricted to the sand-forest restinga habitat, which is a coastal component habitat of the greater Atlantic Forest complex. Restingas are herbaceous, shrubby, coastal sand-dune habitats. The black-backed tanager is primarily found in undisturbed vegetated habitat but has also been observed in secondary-growth forests. It has also been observed visiting gardens and orchards of houses close to forested areas. The black-backed tanager is one of just a few tanagers known to migrate seasonally. Within suitable habitat, the black-backed tanager is generally not considered rare. The population estimate is between 2,500 to 10,000
mature individuals. Populations currently appear to be small, fragmented, and declining. The estimated extent of the resident and breeding range in 2015 was 9,400 square kilometers 3,629 square miles.
However, estimates have since increased to 316,000 square kilometers 122,008 square miles because of updated information in the reported range in coastal areas south of Rio de Janeiro beyond Florianopolis and into the northeast corner of Rio Grande do Sul.
The primary factor affecting the species is rapid and widespread loss and fragmentation of habitat because of urban expansion and beachfront development. The black-backed tanagers remaining suitable habitat in the areas of Rio de Janeiro and Parana
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have largely been destroyed, and habitat loss and degradation will likely increase in the future. Additional habitat loss from sea-level rise associated with global climate change may compound an increased demand by humans to develop the remaining land. Small portions of this species range occur in six protected areas, but intact lowland forest, restinga, and mangrove habitats used by resident black-backed tanagers on the northern part of Santa Catarina Island is unprotected.
The black-backed tanager is classified as vulnerable by the IUCN. The species is also listed as vulnerable in Brazil. It is not included in the Appendices to CITES, although it has infrequently been illegally sold in the pet trade.
In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the black-backed tanager was assigned an LPN of 8. After reevaluating the available information, we have determined that no change in the LPN
for this species is warranted at this time.
The black-backed tanager does not represent a monotypic genus. We find that the threat from habitat loss is moderate in magnitude due to the species fairly large range, its existence in protected areas, and an indication of some flexibility in its diet and habitat suitability. Threats are imminent because the species is at risk due to ongoing and widespread loss of habitat due to beachfront and related development. Therefore, an LPN of 8
remains valid for this species to reflect imminent threats of moderate magnitude.
Yellow-Browed Toucanet Yellow-browed toucanet Aulacorhynchus huallagae is a rare bird in the toucan family. The species has a small range on the eastern slope of the Andes of north-central Peru, at elevations of 2,0002,600 m 6,562
8,530 ft. The yellow-browed toucanet occurs in humid montane forests and occupies four known locations within its small range. Part of the species range is within national parks. The population status is not well known because of the inaccessibility of its habitat, but is estimated at 600 to 1,500 mature individuals.
Deforestation for livestock, agriculture, timber, and gold mining appears to be the primary threat. Habitat loss and destruction from deforestation for agriculture have been widespread in the region. The yellow-browed toucanet is described as scarce wherever found, and ongoing population and habitat declines resulting from habitat loss are assumed.
The yellow-browed toucanet is classified as endangered on the IUCN

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