Federal Register - August 4, 2021
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Source: Federal Register
Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 147 / Wednesday, August 4, 2021 / Proposed Rules
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Life History
Figure 1. Distribution of known emperor penguin breeding colonies as of 2020 numbered dots, including four colonies that were not extant in 2019 7, 15, 18, 37 and the extirpated Dion Islets colony with approximate location on the peninsula marked as X. The unnumbered white dots with approximate locations are 11 colonies that were discovered or rediscovered in 2019. Black lines are the fronts of large ice shelves and probably unsuitable habitat. Four white polygons approximately represent the four known metapopulations Credit for data and figure: Fretwell and Trathan 2009;
Fretwell et al. 2012, 2014; Fretwell and Trathan 2020; Wienecke 2011; Ancel et al. 2014; LaRue et al. 2015; Younger et al. 2017; Jenouvrier et al. 2020; also see figures 2.1 and 2.10 in Service 2021.
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The emperor penguin has a long breeding cycle, approximately 8 to 9
months, commencing in the austral southern fall to complete the rearing of a single chick per pair within a year. It is the only warm-blooded Antarctic species that breeds during the austral winter and is uniquely adapted for doing so Trathan et al. 2020, p. 3. The breeding cycle for the species is similar throughout its range, although the timing may vary slightly between colonies depending on the regional sea ice conditions, with some starting sooner and others later Williams 1995, p. 20; Wienecke et al. 2013, in Trathan et al. 2020, p. 3. The Pointe Geologie colony in Terre Adelie, East Antarctica colony 35 in figure 1, above has been monitored annually for more than six decades. Most of our understanding of emperor penguin behavior patterns at
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breeding colonies is based on what has been learned from this site. Behavior patterns at this colony during the breeding season are well known, but much of the species ecology at sea is poorly known. In the wild, the average life span is estimated up to 15 to 20
years National Geographic 2020, unpaginated, although demographic models indicated the average life span is 1012 years Jenouvrier 2021, pers.
comm. One generation is estimated at 16 years Jenouvrier et al. 2014, p. 717.
Age at first breeding is 5 years old Mougin and Beveren 1979, in Williams 1995, p. 160; Jenouvrier et al. 2005, Appendix A.
Population Biology Arrival at breeding colonies is synchronous with when annual sea ice begins to form in March/April. Emperor penguins are serially monogamous, but mate fidelity is low between breeding
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