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Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 150 / Monday, August 9, 2021 / Proposed Rules
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Additionally, the Chatham oystercatcher may be at risk from loss of genetic diversity given its small population size.
The species has experienced a threefold increase in its population since the first reliable census was conducted in 1987. Most of this increase occurred during a period of intensive management, especially predator control, from 1998 through 2004. The Chatham oystercatcher is listed as nationally critical by the NZDOC and it is protected under New Zealands Wildlife Act. It is classified as endangered on the IUCN Red List, and the species is not included in the Appendices to CITES.
In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Chatham oystercatcher was assigned an LPN of 8. After reevaluating the threats to this species, we have determined no change in the LPN for the species is warranted. The Chatham oystercatcher does not represent a monotypic genus.
The current population estimate is very small, and the species has a limited range. The NZDOC has taken measures to recover and maintain the species, and the population appears to have stabilized. However, the species continues to face moderate threats from predation, trampling, nest disturbance, storm surges, and habitat loss due to nonnative marram grass that are affecting nesting success and survival.
These threats are ongoing and imminent. The LPN remains an 8 to reflect imminent threats of moderate magnitude.
Orange-Fronted Parakeet Orange-fronted parakeet Cyanoramphus malherbi is considered the rarest parakeet in New Zealand. It is distributed on the South Island of mainland New Zealand and a few offshore islands. The three remaining naturally occurring populations are all within a 30-kilometer 18.6-mile radius of one another in fragmented beech tree forests Nothofagus spp. of the upland valleys. Orange-fronted parakeets have also been captive-bred and released onto four predator-free islands where breeding has been confirmed.
The species range contracted when its population was severely reduced in the late 1800s and early 1900s for unknown reasons. From 1999 to 2000, the mainland population crashed from perhaps 500 to 700 birds to a rough estimate of 100 to 200 birds as a result of ship rat or black rat Rattus rattus eruptions. Information on the current population status is mixed. In 2013, the total population was estimated between 290 and 690 individuals 130 to 270 on the mainland, and 160 to 420 on the islands. More recently, there are
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indications that both the offshore and mainland populations have declined to around 100 and 250 birds, respectively, but these are rough estimates. In 2019, the orange-fronted parakeet had one of its best breeding seasons in decades with more than three times as many nests compared to previous years and produced at least 150 wild-born chicks, potentially doubling the population.
The most prominent factors affecting the species on the mainland are predation by nonnative mammals such as weasels and rats Rattus spp., as well as habitat destruction. Trade of this species is not known to be a threat.
Habitat loss and degradation has historically affected large areas of native forest on the mainland. The species habitat is also degraded by introduced herbivores that alter forest structure in a way that reduces the available feeding habitat for the parakeet. Additionally, silviculture care and cultivation of beech forests has removed mature trees with nest cavities needed by the species.
The parakeet competes with two other native parakeets for nest sites and food and with nonnative wasps and finches for food. Lastly, Psittacine beak and feather disease virus is a potential threat to this species. The disease was discovered in wild native birds e.g., the red-fronted parakeet, Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae in New Zealand in 2008. Infected birds generally follow one of three paths: They develop immunity, die within a couple of weeks, or become chronically infected. Chronic infections result in feather loss and deformities of beak and feathers.
However, the disease has not been documented in the orange-fronted parakeet.
The species was uplisted from nationally endangered to nationally critical by the NZDOC, it is protected under New Zealands Wildlife Act, and is listed as critically endangered on the IUCNs Red List. The orange-fronted parakeet is included in Appendix II to CITES.
In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the orange-fronted parakeet was assigned an LPN of 8. After reevaluating the factors affecting the species, we have determined that no change in the LPN
is warranted because NZDOC is actively managing for the species including monitoring known populations, successfully captive-breeding and releasing birds into the wild, and implementing predator control programs. The orange-fronted parakeet does not represent a monotypic genus.
Although the species available suitable nesting habitat in beech forests is limited, there appears to have been some success with predator control,
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captive-breeding, and translocations to offshore islands. The species faces threats e.g., predation, habitat degradation, and competition for food and suitable nesting habitat that are moderate in magnitude because the NZDOC continues to take measures to aid the recovery of the species. We find that the threats to this species are ongoing and imminent. Therefore, an LPN of 8 remains valid for this species to reflect imminent threats of moderate magnitude.
Bogota Rail The Bogota rail Rallus semiplumbeus is a medium-sized nonmigratory bird. The species is found in the East Andes of Colombia, South America, and is largely restricted to areas at elevation from 2,5004,000 m 8,20213,123 ft in and surrounding Bogota, Colombia, on the Ubate-Bogota Plateau. This region formerly supported vast marshes and swamps, but few lakes with suitable habitat for the rail remain.
The species is secretive, and wetland habitats most frequently used by rail are fringed by dense vegetation-rich shallows.
The current population size of the Bogota rail is estimated between 1,000
and 2,500 mature individuals and is thought to be declining. The primary threat to the rail is habitat loss and degradation of wetlands. Approximately 8 million people live in the City of Bogota, and 11 million in the larger metro area. The wetlands have experienced a 97 percent loss in historical extent with few suitably vegetated marshes remaining.
Additionally, road building may result in further habitat loss and human interference, including introduction of nonnative species in previously stable wetland environments. The Bogota rail is listed as endangered by IUCN. The species is not known to be in international trade, and is not included in the Appendices to CITES.
In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Bogota rail was assigned an LPN of 2.
After reevaluating the threats to this species, we have determined that no change in the LPN for the species is needed. The Bogota rail does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces threats that are high in magnitude due to the pressures on the species habitat.
Its range is very small and is rapidly contracting because of widespread habitat loss and degradation of wetlands. Although portions of the Bogota rails range occur in protected areas, most of the savanna wetlands are unprotected. The population is small and is estimated to be declining. The factors affecting the species are ongoing
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