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Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 248 / Thursday, December 30, 2021 / Rules and Regulations
infrastructure. EPA will continue to monitor and further study affordability issues related to electric vehicles as their prevalence in the vehicle fleet increases. We respond to these comments in more detail in the RTC.
In sum, as with the effects of the standards on vehicle sales discussed in Section VII.B of this preamble, the effects of the standards on affordability depend on two countervailing effects:
the increase in the up-front costs of the vehicles, and the decrease in operating costs. As discussed here, different commenters emphasize one or the other aspect of this tradeoff. The increase in up-front costs has the potential to increase the prices of used vehicles, to make credit more difficult to obtain, and to make the least expensive new vehicles less desirable compared to used vehicles. The reduction in operating costs has the potential to mitigate or reverse all these effects. Lower operating costs on their own increase mobility see RIA Chapter 3.1 for a discussion of rebound driving. It is possible that lower-income households may benefit more from the reduction in operating costs than the increase in up-front costs, because they own fewer vehicles per household, spend more on fuel than on vehicles on an annual basis, and those fuel expenditures represent a higher fraction of their household income.
See RIA Chapter 8.4 for more detailed discussion of these issues.
VIII. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews
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A. Executive Order 12866: Regulatory Planning and Review and Executive Order 13563: Improving Regulation and Regulatory Review
and revises several existing credit provisions, but imposes no new information collection requirements.
C. Regulatory Flexibility Act I certify that this action will not have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities under the RFA. This action will not impose any requirements on small entities. EPAs existing regulations exempt from the GHG standards any manufacturer, domestic or foreign, meeting Small Business Administrations size definitions of small business in 13 CFR 121.201. EPA
is not finalizing any changes to the provisions for small businesses under this rule, and thus they would remain exempt. For additional discussion see Chapter 9 of the RIA.
D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act This final rule contains no federal mandates under UMRA, 2 U.S.C. 1531
1538, for State, local, or tribal governments. The final rule imposes no enforceable duty on any State, local or tribal government. This final rule contains a federal mandate under UMRA that may result in expenditures of $100 million or more for the private sector in any one year. Accordingly, the costs and benefits associated with the final rule are discussed in Section VII of this preamble and in the RIA, which are in the docket for this rule.
This action is not subject to the requirements of section 203 of UMRA
because it contains no regulatory requirements that might significantly or uniquely affect small governments.

This action is an economically significant regulatory action that was submitted to OMB for review. Any changes made in response to OMB
recommendations have been documented in the docket. EPA
prepared an analysis of the potential costs and benefits associated with this action.
This analysis is in the Regulatory Impact Analysis, which can be found in the docket for this rule and is briefly summarized in Section VII of this preamble.

E. Executive Order 13132: Federalism
B. Paperwork Reduction Act
This action does not have tribal implications as specified in Executive Order 13175. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action.
However, EPA has engaged with our tribal stakeholders in the development of this rulemaking by offering a tribal workshop and offering government-togovernment consultation upon request.

This action does not impose any new information collection burden under the PRA. OMB has previously approved the information collection activities contained in the existing regulations and has assigned OMB control number 21270019. This final rule changes the level of the existing emission standards
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This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have substantial direct effects on the states, on the relationship between the national government and the states, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.
F. Executive Order 13175: Consultation and Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments
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G. Executive Order 13045: Protection of Children From Environmental Health Risks and Safety Risks With respect to GHG emissions, EPA
has determined that this rule will not have disproportionate impacts on children 62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997.
This rule will reduce emissions of potent GHGs, which as noted earlier in Section IV of this preamble, will reduce the effects of climate change, including the public health and welfare effects on children.
GHGs contribute to climate change and the GHG emissions reductions resulting from implementation of this final rule would further improve childrens health. The assessment literature cited in EPAs 2009 and 2016
Endangerment Findings concluded that certain populations and life stages, including children, the elderly, and the poor, are most vulnerable to climaterelated health effects. The assessment literature since 2016 strengthens these conclusions by providing more detailed findings regarding these groups vulnerabilities and the projected impacts they may experience. These assessments describe how childrens unique physiological and developmental factors contribute to making them particularly vulnerable to climate change. Impacts to children are expected from heat waves, air pollution, infectious and waterborne illnesses, and mental health effects resulting from extreme weather events. In addition, children are among those especially susceptible to most allergic diseases, as well as health effects associated with heat waves, storms, and floods.
Additional health concerns may arise in low-income households, especially those with children, if climate change reduces food availability and increases prices, leading to food insecurity within households. More detailed information on the impacts of climate change to human health and welfare is provided in Section IV.B of this preamble.
We expect this rule would, on net, result in both small reductions and small increases in non-GHG emissions that could impact children, though not necessarily immediately and not equally in all locations. However, with respect to non-GHG emissions, EPA has concluded that it is not practicable to determine whether there would be disproportionate impacts on children.
As mentioned in Section I.A.2 of this preamble, EPA intends to initiate another rulemaking to further reduce emissions of GHGs from light-duty vehicles for model years beyond 2026.
We are considering how to project air quality and health impacts from the
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