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Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 230 / Friday, December 3, 2021 / Rules and Regulations
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Sea Monasteries SS. Antony and Paul, Rosetta, Sohag, Thebes, Wadi Natrun o Ottoman and early Muhammad Ali periods A.D. 15171914:
Alexandria, al-Rashid Rosetta, Aswan, Asyut, Cairo, Damietta, Ibrim, Red Sea Monasteries SS.
Antony and Paul, Tanta, Qusayr, Salihiyya, Suez, Thebes I. Archaeological Material Archaeological material includes categories of objects from the Paleolithic to the middle of the Ottoman period in Egypt, ranging in date from approximately 300,000 B.C. to A.D.
1750.
A. Stone 1. Sculpture i. Architectural ElementsThis category includes architectural elements from temples, tombs, palaces, mosques, churches, monasteries, commemorative monuments, and domestic architecture, including doors, door frames, window fittings, columns, capitals, bases, lintels, jambs, roofs, pediment, archways, friezes, pilasters, engaged columns, prayer niches mihrabs, fountains, inlays, and blocks from walls, floors, and ceilings. Examples are often decorated in relief with ornamental Pharaonic, Greco-Roman, Coptic, and Islamic motifs and inscriptions.
Limestone, sandstone, and granite are most commonly used. Stone is often reused.
ii. StatuesTypes include largeand small-scale representations of humans, animals, and hybrid figures with a human body and animal head. Human figures may be standing, usually with the left foot forward, seated on a block or on the ground, kneeling, or prone.
Figures in stone may be supported by a slab of stone at the back. Greco-Roman examples use traditional Egyptian poses with Hellenistic modeling. Limestone, granite, basalt, sandstone including greywacke, and diorite are most commonly used. Reuse of statues is common with re-inscription of cartouche and other visible re-carving.
iii. Relief SculptureTypes include largeand small-scale sculpture, including Neolithic and Predynastic greywacke votive and cosmetic palettes, limestone wall reliefs depicting scenes of daily life and rituals, and steles/stelae and plaques in a variety of stones for funerary and commemorative purposes.
iv. TombstonesThis category includes tombstones and grave markers made of marble, limestone, or other kinds of stone. They may be carved in relief and/or have decorative moldings.
2. Vessels and ContainersThis category includes conventional shapes
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such as bowls, cups, jars, and lamps.
This category also includes vessels having the form of human, animal, hybrid, plant, hieroglyphic signs, and combinations or parts thereof.
3. Funerary Objects and Equipment i. Sarcophagi and CoffinsThis category includes sarcophagi and coffins with separate lids, either in the form of a large rectangular box, or humanshaped anthropoid and carved with modeled human features. Both types are often decorated outside, and sometimes inside, with incised or painted images and text inscriptions.
ii. Canopic ShrinesThis category includes shrines in the form of a box with space inside for four canopic jars.
iii. Canopic JarsThis category includes jars with plain lids or lids in the form of human or animal heads and used to hold the internal organs of the deceased. A full set includes four jars.
Sometimes these jars are dummies, carved from a single piece of stone with no interior space.
4. Objects of Daily UseThis category includes chests and boxes, furniture, headrests, writing and painting equipment, games, and game pieces.
5. Tools and WeaponsChipped stone types include large and small blades, borers, scrapers, sickles, burins, notches, retouched flakes, cleavers, knives, chisels, awls, harpoons, cores, loom weights, and arrowheads. Ground stone types include grinders e.g., mortars, pestles, millstones, whetstones, querns, choppers, axes, hammers, molds, weights, and mace heads.
6. Jewelry, Amulets, and Seals i. JewelryThis category includes jewelry of colored and semi-precious stones for personal adornment, including necklaces, chokers, pectorals, pendants, crowns, earrings, bracelets, anklets, belts, girdles, aprons, and finger rings.
ii. AmuletsThis category includes amulets of colored and semi-precious stones in the form of humans, animals, hybrids, plants, hieroglyphic signs, and combinations or parts thereof.
iii. Stamp and Cylinder SealsThese are small devices with at least one side engraved in intaglio and relief with a design for stamping or sealing. The most common type is the scarab, in the form of a beetle with an inscription on the flat base.
7. OstracaChips of stone used as surfaces for writing or drawing.
B. Metal 1. Sculpture i. StatuesTypes include largeand small-scale, including human, animal, and hybrid figures similar to those in stone. Metal statues usually lack the support at the back. The most common
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materials are bronze and copper alloys, but gold and silver are used as well.
ii. Relief sculptureTypes include plaques, appliques, and mummy masks.
Reliefs may include inscriptions in various languages.
2. Vessels and ContainersThis category includes conventional shapes such as bowls, cups, jars, plates, cauldrons, lamps, lampstands, scroll and manuscript containers, reliquaries, incense burners, and vessels in the form of humans, animals, hybrids, plants, hieroglyphic signs, and combinations or parts thereof.
3. Objects of Daily UseThis category includes musical instruments, including trumpets, clappers, and sistra.
4. ToolsTypes include axes, adzes, saws, scrapers, trowels, locks, keys, nails, hinges, mirrors, ingots, thimbles, fibulae for pinning clothing, drills, chisels, knives, hooks, needles, tongs, tweezers, and weights in copper alloy, bronze, and iron.
5. Weapons and Armor i. WeaponsTypes include mace heads, knives, daggers, swords, curved swords, axes, arrows, javelins, arrowheads, and spears in copper alloy, bronze, and iron.
ii. ArmorEarly armor consisted of small metal scales, originally sewn to a backing of cloth or leather, later augmented by helmets, body armor cuirasses, bracers, shin guards, shields, and horse armor.
6. Jewelry, Amulets, and Seals i. JewelryThis category includes jewelry made of gold, silver, copper, and iron for personal adornment, including necklaces, chokers, pectorals, finger rings, beads, pendants, bells, belts, buckles, earrings, diadems, straight pins and fibulae, bracelets, anklets, girdles, wreaths and crowns, cosmetic accessories and tools, metal strigils scrapers, crosses, and lamp holders.
ii. AmuletsTypes include amulets in the form of humans, human organs and parts, animals, hybrids, plants, hieroglyphic signs, deities, religious symbols, and combinations or parts thereof.
7. Late Antique Christian, Greek Orthodox, and Coptic Liturgical ObjectsTypes include censers, crosses, Bible caskets, lamps, patens, Eucharistic goblets, icons, and iconostases.
8. CoinsTypes appear in copper or bronze, silver, and gold.
i. Dynasty 30Coins of this type have the hieroglyphs nwb nfr on one side and a horse on the other.
ii. Dynasty 31Coins of this type are Egyptian imitations of silver Athenian coins that depict the helmeted head of
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