Voglio sapere a riguardo di…

lotter on DSK11XQN23PROD with PROPOSALS1

Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 150 / Monday, August 9, 2021 / Proposed Rules species with multiple food sources.
Illegal collection of the fluminense swallowtail is likely occurring and ongoing. The species is located near urban areas and is easy to capture.
Recently, multiple specimens of fluminense swallowtail have been advertised online with costs ranging from $220 to $700 USD. The impact of illegal collection to the fluminense swallowtail is difficult to assess, but removal of individuals from the remaining small and fragmented populations could, in combination with other stressors, contribute to local extirpations.
Only one of the subpopulations is presently found within a large protected area Poco das Antas Biological Reserve, and the majority of the remaining populations are on smaller, fragmented parcels with limited or no protections and are vulnerable to extirpation. The fluminense swallowtail was the first invertebrate to be officially noted on the list of Brazilian animals threatened with extinction in 1973. The species is currently categorized by Brazil as endangered. It has been classified as vulnerable by the IUCN
Red List since 1983, and it is not included in the Appendices to CITES.
However, the European Commission listed the species on Annex B of the European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations; species listed on Annex B
require a permit for import.
In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the fluminense swallowtail was assigned an LPN of 2. After reevaluating the stressors to this species, we have determined that no change to the LPN
is warranted. The fluminense swallowtail does not represent a monotypic genus. The overall number of subpopulations recorded for the species has declined from previous records of fewer than 20 colonies to approximately 8 to 12, and the species continues to decline. Threats are high in magnitude and imminent because of ongong habitat loss and fragmentation, catastrophic events of wildfire, and illegal collection.
Only one of the known subpopulations is presently found within a large protected area. The majority of the remaining subpopulations are on small, fragmented parcels with limited or no protections and are vulnerable to extirpation. Despite the conservation measures in place, the species continues to face stressors e.g., habitat loss and destruction, and illegal collection and trade. Therefore, an LPN of 2 remains valid for this species to reflect imminent threats of high magnitude.

VerDate Sep<11>2014

16:39 Aug 06, 2021

Jkt 253001

Hahnels Amazonian Swallowtail Hahnels Amazonian swallowtail Parides hahneli is a large black and yellow butterfly endemic to Brazil. It is known from three remote locations along the tributaries of the middle and lower Amazon River basin in the states of Amazonas and Para. Its preferred habitat is on old sand strips stranded beaches that are overgrown with dense scrub vegetation or forest. Hahnels Amazonian swallowtail is described as very scarce and extremely localized in association with its specialized habitat and its larval host plant. Population size and trends are not known for this species.
Loss of habitat from deforestation is the primary threat to the species. Brazil reported the greatest loss of primary forest from 1990 to 2015, and the states of Para and Amazonas experienced high rates of deforestation in the last decade.
Habitat loss and destruction will likely continue in the future. Additionally, habitat alteration and destruction for dam construction, agriculture, and cattle grazing, as well as crop transportation, are ongoing in Para and Amazonas.
Collection is also a potential threat for Hahnels Amazonian swallowtail. The species has been collected for commercial trade and also may be reared for trade. Locations in the wild have been kept secret given the high value of this butterfly to collectors.
Multiple specimens of Hahnels Amazonian swallowtail were noted for sale or sold from locations in the United States for $70 to $500 USD and from Germany approximately $166 USD.
Hahnels Amazonian swallowtail is classified as data deficient on the IUCN
Red List. The species is listed as endangered on the State of Paras list of threatened species, but it is not listed by the State of Amazonas or by Brazil.
Hahnels Amazonian swallowtail is not included in the Appendices to CITES. It is listed on Annex B of the European Union Wildlife Trade Regulations;
species listed on Annex B require a permit for import.
In the October 10, 2019, CNOR, the Hahnels Amazonian swallowtail was assigned an LPN of 2. After reevaluating the threats to the Hahnels Amazonian swallowtail, we have determined that no change in the LPN is warranted. This swallowtail does not represent a monotypic genus. It faces threats that are high in magnitude and imminent due to its small endemic population and the limited and decreasing availability of its highly specialized habitat. Habitat alteration and destruction are ongoing in Para and Amazonas where the butterfly is found and are likely to
PO 00000

Frm 00059

Fmt 4702

Sfmt 4702

43487

continue. Potential impacts from collection are unknown but could, in combination with other stressors, contribute to local extirpations.
Therefore, an LPN of 2 remains valid for this species to reflect imminent threats of high magnitude.
Harris Mimic Swallowtail Harris mimic swallowtail Mimoides lysithous harrisianus is a medium-sized black, white, and red swallowtail butterfly that inhabits the mixed dense and open scrubby restinga sand forest habitats within the coastal Atlantic Forest of Brazil. The Harris mimic swallowtail butterfly mimics three butterfly species in the Parides genus, primarily the Flumenense swallowtail Parides ascanius. The butterflies it mimics sequester toxins from host plants, rendering them toxic to most predators. The subspecies historically occurred in southern Esprito Santo State and along the coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Records indicated that there are a total of five sites occupied by the butterfly in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Two areas are within protected national parks, and the other sites appear to be under municipal conservation with uncertain protected status, including sites in the City of Rio de Janeiro that are located in small patches of vegetation and are possibly at risk of extirpation. The best-studied site at Barra de Sao Joao has maintained a stable and viable size for nearly two decades, but there is limited information on its status since 2004.
The best available data do not indicate recent population numbers in any of the other colonies or locations.
Habitat destruction has been the main threat and is ongoing. Based on a number of estimates, 88 to 95 percent of the area historically covered by tropical forests within the Atlantic Forest biome has been converted or severely degraded as the result of human activities. In addition to the overall loss and degradation of its habitat, the remaining tracts of its habitat are severely fragmented. Fire, either wildfire or human-caused, is a stressor for Harris mimic swallowtail due to its potential to destroy the few remaining occupied habitats. Sea-level rise may result in habitat loss, and this loss from sea-level rise may be compounded by an increased demand by humans to use remaining land for housing and infrastructure. Collection may also affect this butterfly. Although Harris mimic swallowtail is categorized as endangered on the list of Brazilian fauna threatened with extinction, and collection and trade of the subspecies is prohibited, it has been offered for sale
E:FRFM09AUP1.SGM

09AUP1