Federal Register - August 4, 2021
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Source: Federal Register
Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 147 / Wednesday, August 4, 2021 / Proposed Rules Antarctica. The existing mechanisms minimize environmental impacts to emperor penguins from national program operations, scientific research, tourism, and other non-governmental activities in Antarctica. None of the existing regulatory mechanisms addresses the primary and unique nature of the threat of climate change on emperor penguins; however, we recognize the value these regulatory mechanisms and conservation efforts play in helping to conserve the species.
Current Condition The current condition of emperor penguin is based on population abundance i.e., number of breeding pairs at each colony and the global abundance distributed throughout the species range. The resiliency of each emperor penguin colony is tied to local sea-ice conditions because the species
depends on sea ice that offers a breeding platform to complete its annual breeding cycle and promotes primary production. As sea ice melts in the summer, it releases algae and nutrients into the water that stimulate phytoplankton blooms, which play a key role in the Southern Ocean food web Hempel 1985, in Flores et al. 2012, p. 4. Therefore, the estimates of sea-ice condition and the emperor penguin population are directly related, and sea ice serves as a proxy measure of all important habitat factors for the species.
Sea ice surrounding Antarctica is described within five sectors Weddell Sea, Indian Ocean, Western Pacific Ocean, Ross Sea, and Bellingshausen Sea-Amundsen Sea figure 2, which may approximately correspond to the known genetic variation among colonies and the Southern Ocean as a whole.
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Figure 2. Image showing the five sectors of Antarctica: Weddell Sea 60 W-20 E, Indian Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean 20 E-90 E, Western Pacific Ocean sector of the Southern Ocean 90 E-160 E, Ross Sea 160 E-130 W, and the Bellingshausen Sea-Amundsen Sea 130 W--o0 W.
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also having acceded Commission 2020, unpaginated. The United States implemented the Commission through the Antarctic Marine Living Resources Convention Act of 1984 16 U.S.C. 2431
et seq. AMLRCA. Under the AMLRCA, among other prohibitions, it is unlawful to: 1 Engage in harvesting or other associated activities in violation of the provisions of the Convention or in violation of a conservation measure in force with respect to the United States; and 2 ship, transport, offer for sale, sell, purchase, import, export, or have custody, control or possession of, any Antarctic marine living resource or part or product thereof harvested in violation of a conservation measure in force with respect to the United States 16 U.S.C. 2435.
The regulatory mechanisms and conservation efforts focus on the native marine and terrestrial resources of
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