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Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 116 / Monday, June 21, 2021 / Rules and Regulations
Table 1.-1: Benefits, Costs, and Net Benefits of OSHAs COVID-19 Healthcare ETS
Costs
COVID-19 Plan Patient Screening and Management Respiratory Protection Training Ventilation Health Screening and Medical Management Costs Physical Barriers and Plexiglass Physical Distancing Cleaning and Disinfecting Hand Hygiene Recordkeeping Reporting MRP Costs
$1,198,482,522
$1,245,401,751
$732,594,291
$396,046,226
$30,554,935
$83,121,853
$57,407,631
$11,270,696
$5,902,432
$5,800,000
$13,207,068
$129,467
$189,726,559

Total Costs
$3,969,645,432

Benefits
Cases
Infections Prevented
295,284

19,300,929,013

Deaths Prevented
776

7,550,800,224
$26,851,729,237
$22,882,083,805

Net Benefits
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II. History of COVID19
The global pandemic of respiratory disease coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID19 caused by a novel coronavirus SARSCoV2 has been taking an enormous toll on individuals, workplaces, and governments around the world since early 2020. According to the World Health Organization WHO, as of May 24, 2021, there had been 166,860,081 confirmed cases of COVID
19 globally, resulting in more than 3,459,996 deaths WHO, May 24, 2021.
In the United States as of the same date, the CDC reported over 32,947,548 cases in the United States and over 587,342
deaths due to the disease CDC, May 24, 2021a; CDC, May 24, 2021c. Among healthcare workers specifically, as of May 24, 2021, 491,816 healthcare workers in the United States had contracted COVID19, and at least 1,611
of those workers had died; both of those
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figures are likely an undercount CDC, May 24, 2021b.
The first confirmed case of COVID19
was identified in the Hubei Province of China in December of 2019 Chen et al., August 6, 2020. On December 31, 2019, China reported to the WHO that it had identified several influenza-like cases of unknown cause in Wuhan, China WHO, January 5, 2020. Soon, COVID
19 infections had spread throughout Asia, Europe, and North and South America. By February 2020, 58 other countries had reported COVID19 cases WHO, March 1, 2020. By March 2020, widespread local transmission of the virus was established in 88 countries.
Because of the widespread transmission and severity of the disease, along with what the WHO described as alarming levels of inaction, the WHO officially declared COVID19 a pandemic on March 11, 2020 WHO, March 11, 2020.

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The first reported case of COVID19
in the United States was in the state of Washington, on January 21, 2020, in a person who had returned from Wuhan, China on January 15, 2020 CDC, January 21, 2020. On January 31, 2020, the COVID19 outbreak was declared to be a U.S. public health emergency US
DHHS, January 31, 2020. After the initial report of the virus in January 2020, a steep increase in COVID19
cases in the U.S. was observed though March and early April. In the six weeks between March 1, 2020 and April 12, 2020, the 7-day moving average of new cases rose from only 57 to 31,779 CDC, May 24, 2021d. The President declared the COVID19 outbreak a national emergency on March 13, 2020 The White House, March 13, 2020. As of March 19, 2020, all 50 states and the District of Columbia had declared emergencies related to the pandemic
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Note: In a true benefit-cost analysis, the costs to all parties e.g., employers, employees, governments are included.
Throughout OSHAs economic feasibility analysis in this rule, there are places where OSHA estimates there are no costs borne by employers. This does not necessarily mean that there are no costs or burdens imposed on others as might be considered in a true benefit-cost analysis, but these potential other costs do not need to be considered as part of OSHAs analysis of the economic feasibility to employers.