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Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 85 / Wednesday, May 5, 2021 / Proposed Rules Navy 2008a, p. 3.113.20; Vanderplank et al. 2019, p. 5.
All members of the genus Castilleja are considered hemiparasitic, meaning that its roots are capable of forming parasitic connections to roots of other plants Heckard 1962, p. 27. Plants within the genus are capable of photosynthesis and can exist without a host, but they are able to derive water, nutrients, and photosynthates from a host plant if present Heckard 1962, p.
25. Members of the genus Castilleja appear to form parasitic connections with a wide range of host plant species from a wide range of families Heckard 1962, p. 28; Atsatt and Strong 1970, p.
280; Marvier 1996, p. 1399; Adler 2002, p. 2704; Adler 2003, p. 2086; Muller 2005, p. 4. Although studies to verify host-connections have not been done, numerous plant species are associated with SCI paintbrush Junak and Wilken 1998, p. 82; R. N. Muller 2009, pers.
comm., in 77 FR 29078, May 16, 2012, p. 29096. The generalist host-selection of C. grisea likely aided recovery of this species as the vegetation recovered following the removal of feral browsers and grazers Muller and Junak 2012, pp.
1617.
SCI paintbrush typically flowers between February and May, producing yellow bisexual flowers Chuang and Heckard 1993, pp. 10161024; Navy 2013a, pp. 3203. SCI paintbrush is likely self-incompatible unable to produce viable seed through selffertilization, as observed in other species of the genus Carpenter 1983, p.
218; Junak and Wilken 1998, p. 84.
Results of a population genetic study were consistent with an outcrossing breeding system Helenurm et al. 2005, p. 1225. SCI paintbrush is most closely related to, and shares floral traits with, other species in the genus primarily adapted for bee pollination Chuang and Heckard 1991, p. 658, but both insect and hummingbird pollination of Castilleja have been reported Grant 1994, p. 10409; Junak and Wilken 1998, p. 84.
Although the lifespan of SCI
paintbrush is unknown, its larger stature and woodier habit general appearance or growth form suggest it may be longer lived, which would be consistent with an estimated lifespan of 515 years based on observations made during repeat visits to occupied sites Munson 2019, pers. comm.. Based on lifehistory, the persistence of interbreeding
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groups of plants may depend upon frequent production of seed Dunwidde et al. 2001, p. 161 as no evidence of clonal growth has been found Muller and Junak 2010, p. 42. Population growth is primarily by recruitment from existing populations from plants that emerged from the soil seed-bank following removal of feral herbivores or from plants that survived those impacts Muller and Junak 2010, p. 42.
However, the increase in SCI
paintbrushs range, along with the discovery of new individuals along trails or near buildings that people frequent OConnor 2019, pers. comm., suggests that the establishment of new population centers may be relatively common. The degree of fire tolerance of SCI paintbrush is unknown. It is not specifically adapted to fire, but it is likely resilient to occasional fires and has been seen to persist in areas after fires, although severe fires can kill plants and reduce numbers of individuals in a location Muller and Junak 2011, p. 16; US Navy 1996, pp. 5
2; Tierra Data Inc. 2005, p. 80;
Vanderplank et al. 2019, p. 13.
San Clemente Island Lotus Acmispon dendroideus var. traskiae A thorough review of the taxonomy, life history, and ecology of the San Clemente Island lotus is presented in the SSA report USFWS 2020d.
San Clemente Island lotus Acmispon dendroideus var. traskiae is a semiwoody, flowering subshrub in the legume or pea family Fabaceae. It is endemic to SCI Isely 1993, p. 619 and is one of five taxa in the genus Acmispon found on the island Tierra Data Inc. 2005, p. C8; Brouillet 2008, pp. 388392.
SCI lotus is typically less than 4 ft 1.2
m tall with slender erect green branches Munz 1974, pp. 449450;
USFWS 1984, p. 59; Allan 1999, p. 82.
Each leaf has three to five leaflets, each approximately 0.2 to 0.3 in 5 to 9
millimeters mm long USFWS 1984, p. 59; Allan 1999, p. 82. SCI lotus has small yellow flowers that are bisexual and arranged in one to five flowered clusters on stalks that arise from axils between the stem and leaf of terminal shoots Junak and Wilken 1998, p. 256.
Pistils are initially yellow, turning orange then red as the fruit matures USFWS 1984, p. 59.
The 1977 listing rule mentioned that SCI lotus occurred at Wilson Cove on the north end of the island, but no other
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details were available 42 FR 40682, August 11, 1977, p. 40683. In the 1984
recovery plan, SCI lotus was considered to be restricted to six populations associated with rocky areas, with the largest number of plants growing in the Wilson Cove area USFWS 1984, p. 59.
Only a few herbarium specimens of SCI
lotus exist, making historical distribution and condition difficult to assess. Based on herbarium records, California Natural Diversity Database CNDDB records, and the recovery plan, the historical range includes occurrences in the northern part of the island Wilson Cove down to the southern point Pyramid Head. Since the final removal of all feral herbivores by 1992, the distribution of this taxon has steadily increased 77 FR 29078, May 16, 2012, p. 29110. By 1997, roughly 50 percent of documented occurrences of these plants were found in the vicinity of Wilson Cove and by 2004, 75 percent of the distribution of this taxon was found beyond this area and extended to the southern-most part of the island USFWS 2007, pp. 45.
The most recent survey data show the distribution of SCI lotus spans the entire length of the island from Wilson Cove to the southern tip east of Pyramid Cove, a distance of approximately 19 mi 31 km Junak and Wilken 1998, p. 261;
Junak 2006, Map AC; Vanderplank et al. 2019, p. 27. The majority of locations tend to be clustered on northfacing slopes on the eastern side of the island Vanderplank et al. 2019, p. 7.
SCI lotus tends to occur in small groups of 10 to 50 individuals Allan 1999, p.
84. The status of a number of historical locations are unknown because they occur in areas with restricted access, such as due to unexploded ordnances.
Without repeated survey data in some of those locations, it is unknown whether individuals observed 40 years ago still persist, so for purposes of estimating current distribution and abundance, 15
historically occupied watersheds are no longer considered occupied USFWS
2020d, p. 26. However, despite inconsistencies in the survey data, the data indicate that the number of individuals and the range of SCI lotus have increased over time, and SCI
lotuss current distribution is estimated to be 249 locations within 58
watersheds totaling 21,251 individuals see Figure 4, below USFWS 2020d, pp. 2427.

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