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Federal Register / Vol. 86, No. 61 / Thursday, April 1, 2021 / Rules and Regulations
Agreement exists. The import restrictions will expire on January 15, 2026, unless extended.
Designated List of Archaeological Material of Costa Rica The Agreement between the United States and Costa Rica includes, but is not limited to, the categories of objects described in the Designated List set forth below. Importation of material on this list is restricted unless the material is accompanied by documentation certifying that the material left Costa Rica legally and not in violation of the export laws of Costa Rica.
The Designated List includes archaeological materials in jade, gold and other metal, ceramics, stone, bone, resin, and shell ranging in date from approximately 12,000 B.C. to A.D. 1550.
Categories of Archaeological Material I. Jade II. Gold and Other Metal III. Ceramic IV. Stone V. Bone, Resin, and Shell
Archaeological Material Approximate chronology of wellknown archaeological sites, traditions, and cultures: Archaeological material covered by the Agreement is associated with indigenous groups living in Costa Rica. The three main archaeological zones of Costa Rica are: Guanacaste also referred to as Greater Nicoya, Central Highlands-Atlantic or Caribbean Watershed, and the Southern Zone also referred to as Greater Chiriqu or Diqus. The following standardized periodization for lower Central America 1 is commonly used in the archaeology of Costa Rica:
a Period I ?8000 B.C.
b Period II 80004000 B.C.
c Period III 40001000 B.C.
d Period IV 1000 B.C.A.D. 500
e Period V A.D. 5001000
f Period VI A.D. 10001550
g European contact and Colonial period A.D. 15001821 2
I. Jade
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Archaeological jade objects may be made from several types of stone such as jadeite, jadeitite, serpentine, omphacite, agate, chalcedony, jasper, slate, opal, and quartz. These stones are various shades of green, as well as white, beige, brown, and black. Most jade objects were used for personal 1 Lange, Frederick W., and Doris Stone. 1984. The Archaeology of Lower Central America.
Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
2 Import restrictions concerning European contact period archaeological material apply only to those objects dating to A.D. 1550 and earlier.

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adornment. Examples of archaeological jade objects covered in the bilateral agreement include, but are not limited to, the following objects:
A. PendantsCeltiform pendants sometimes called Axe-gods may have human, avian, or composite human and avian figures carved on the upper portion and perforations for suspension.
Some feature bats, and rare examples have Olmecoid faces and features.
Celtiform pendants can be made from whole-, half-, and even sixth-celt blanks.
Figure pendants may be carved into the shape of beak-birds, curly-tailed animals, humans, frogs, monkeys, crocodiles, saurians, or bats. Some human pendants wear masks or headdresses. Staff-bearer pendants depict a human wearing a mask or headdress carrying a vertical staff topped with a zoomorphic effigy.
Horizontal zoomorphic pendants may be double-ended, and horizontal bat pendants often emphasize wings that terminate in crocodile heads. Some pendants, imported to Costa Rica in antiquity, have incised Epi-Olmec or Maya carvings and hieroglyphic inscriptions.
B. BeadsMost jade beads are tubular in shape and vary in size. Large tubular beads may be up to approximately 50
cm long and have low-relief geometric or zoomorphic carving. Disc-shaped beads are also common.
C. Ear ornamentsSpool-shaped ear flares may have openwork decoration in the center.
D. VesselsMiniature jade jars, often measuring about 6 cm tall, may be round with little decoration or have two zoomorphic or anthropomorphic heads on opposite sides. They often have perforations for strings to keep lids in place.
E. Mace headsJade mace heads, which may be carved into avian, bat, feline, or anthropomorphic effigies, have large holes drilled in the center for mounting on staffs.
II. Gold and Other Metal Most archaeological metal objects from Costa Rica are personal ornaments made from gold or a gold-copper alloy known as tumbaga or guann. Objects were produced by lost-wax casting or cold hammering and annealing.
Examples of archaeological gold and other metal objects covered in the bilateral agreement include, but are not limited to, the following objects:
A. Zoomorphic pendants Zoomorphic pendants most commonly depict avians, crocodilians, saurians, and snakes. Bats, butterflies, spiders, frogs, felines, turtles, lobsters, crabs, fish, armadillos, and deer are also
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represented. Many pendants combine features of more than one creature. Dual figures depict a single body with two heads and two tails. Some zoomorphic pendants hold human bodies or limbs in the mouth.
B. Anthropomorphic pendants Elaborate human figures may be depicted wearing zoomorphic masks or display a mix of human and animal or supernatural traits. Some human figures play musical instruments such as flutes or drums, are surrounded by attendant figures, have square or round frames, or have dangling pendants.
C. BellsBells may be undecorated or decorated with zoomorphic figures such as monkeys or spiders. Complete bells may have loose ceramic or stone clappers.
D. Hammered ornamentsHammered gold discs, chest plates, cuffs, diadems, ear spools, and beads may have embossed geometric, anthropomorphic, or zoomorphic motifs.
E. ToolsNeedles, fish hooks, tweezers, and punches may be made of metal.
III. Ceramic Archaeological ceramics in Costa Rica are low-fired terracotta, typically coiland slab-built, but sometimes produced using molds. Hollow mammiform, rattle, figural, and slab tripod vessel supports are common. Decorations can be monochrome, bichrome, trichrome, or polychrome made with slip, paint, negative or resist paint, burnishing, and polishing. The most common colors are brown, black, and red, but can include white, orange, and purple.
Decorations, in addition to slips and paints, include impressions, incisions, engraving, applique, and modeling.
Most designs are geometric, linear, and/
or divided into zones. Common zoomorphic designs include felines, birds, crocodilians, saurians, marine animals, deer, monkeys, tapirs, and peccaries. Humans may be depicted wearing zoomorphic masks or as composite figures with combined anthropomorphic and zoomorphic features. Some female figures hold infants. Other figures may be dressed in ostentatious clothing and/or show decapitated heads.
Archaeological cultures in the three cultural zones of Costa Rica produced distinctly different styles, especially after about A.D. 500. For example, wellknown ceramics from the Guanacaste zone have whiteand salmon-colored slip with polychrome decoration, which may include distinctive blue-gray or orange paints. Well-known ceramics from the Central and Atlantic or Caribbean Watershed zone are
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